Wang Haihua and the progress of production will help to find and extract oil and gas from the world’s major reserves. At the same time, the demand for petroleum products has increased in every corner of the world. But the supply and demand situation is rarely concentrated in the same place. As a result, transportation is essential to ensure the reliable and affordable flow of oil. Tankers, railways and pipelines have proven to be effective and economical means of connecting oil supply and demand. Supply pipelines and railways to transport crude oil from the production area to the port loading and unloading station. The tanker then delivers the crude oil directly to the demand side pipe connected to the refinery that converts the raw material into a useful product.

In recent years, the US tight oil supply continued to grow, by 2035, the US oil production will increase to 12 million barrels / day, natural gas growth will be more significant, 2035, natural gas production from the current 72 billion cubic feet / day To 110 billion cubic feet per day to 131 billion cubic feet per day. Natural gas will also develop with the production of natural gas. Growing energy production depends on an expanding network of energy infrastructure, including railways, pipelines and maritime transport.

Tanker

Waterways are the most effective way to transport everyday products (from oil, food, coal and agricultural products to steel, sand, chemicals and other construction supplies) to the rest of the United States. The current advanced tanker is a safe combination of computer-aided design products, more powerful, more mobile, more durable. The maritime (tanker or barge) has long been an important part of the trade in crude oil and its products for certain areas (especially from Alaska to the West Coast and from Vancouver to the United States). For the US Midwest and the Gulf Coast producers, it is becoming increasingly attractive to transport crude oil through waterways. In 2013, 16% of the crude oil is transported by water to the refinery.

Pipe

The United States has more than 190,000 miles of liquid pipelines and more than 300,000 miles of natural gas pipelines, which are the primary means of moving petroleum products to the consumer market.

Pipelines can extend tens to hundreds or even thousands of miles long. The United States in 2013 had a total of 19,239 miles of liquid pipelines, including 60,911 miles of crude oil pipelines, 63532 miles of refined petroleum product pipelines for the transportation of gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and other refined products and 62,742 miles of natural gas , Ethane and other industrial raw materials. The US Natural Gas Pipeline Network is a highly integrated transmission and distribution network that can deliver natural gas to almost any location in 48 states. It consists of more than 210 natural gas piping systems and 300,000 miles of interstate and state internal pipelines.

The cost of transporting crude oil or petroleum products through pipelines is only a fraction of the cost of other modes of transport. The cost of transporting crude oil through railways is typically $ 10 to $ 15 per barrel, while pipeline transportation costs less than $ 5 a barrel.

The United States has a wide range of natural gas infrastructure that can effectively produce, store and transport natural gas. The United States is the world’s largest natural gas consumer, with the recent shale gas production growth, the United States has become the world’s largest producer of natural gas. Its developed natural gas pipeline system will supply the natural gas delivery to the major markets and smaller markets. While most of the pipes are relatively short (hundreds of miles or less), some of the major pipelines can extend over thousands of miles.

In 2014, nearly half a million miles of liquid and natural gas pipelines in the United States delivered 16.2 billion barrels of crude oil and petroleum products and 27.3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas at a security rate of 99.99 percent. The United States needs more pipelines to keep up with growing demand for production and consumption.

Rail transport

Railway infrastructure to support oil and gas, manufacturing, agriculture and other industries transportation needs. Railways are safe and effective means of transporting crude oil and other petroleum products.

Technological advances have increased crude oil production in shale deposits and made the United States the world’s largest oil and gas producer. The Bakken Group, located in North Dakota, Montana and Canada, has seen crude oil production from about 200,000 b / d in 2007 to more than 1.2 million barrels per day by 2015. Because the US liquid pipeline network was built to link oil and oil and oil production and imports from the Gulf Coast and refineries and demand centers in the central and western regions, there was no pipeline to transport light Bakken crude oil to those with high demand , The operator has been passing Bakken crude oil from the production area to the refinery through railways. The railroad was initially used only to transport crude oil from Bakken to the eastern refinery. With the increase in Bakken crude oil production, rail transport in Bakken exceeded 2014 Billion barrels, since the increase of 16 times since 2009. Other regions of the producers have also expanded their rail capacity to transport crude oil to oil refineries on the eastern and western coasts. In just a few years, railways have become increasingly important alternative channels in areas where energy infrastructure is relatively scarce Of the transport channels, its handling capacity in the United States are improving. With these crude oil from domestic, crude oil imported from other countries to the East Coast refinery has fallen. Crude oil from the US shale zone to the West Coast refinery also offset the decline in crude oil production in California and Alaska. The railway will transport more than half of this crude oil to the east coast. Bakken crude oil increases the energy resources of the East Coast through rail transport and reduces the cost of home heating oil, gasoline and petroleum products.

As a result of its exponential growth, crude oil rail transport, which was previously considered too expensive to compete with the pipeline, has received serious attention. In 2008, the amount of crude oil transported by rail would be negligible (less than 9400 trucks). This situation began to change around 2010, from 2011 to significantly accelerated to 66,000 truck crude oil loading. In 2013, more than 430,000 trucks of crude oil were transported by rail, and by 2015, rail transport of oil accounted for about 8% of US oil production and a security rate of 99.99%.

As the railways can transport crude oil to any place, in the absence of pipeline facilities in the eastern and western coastal areas of the most competitive. Rail transport of crude oil in North Dakota dominated, 2013, 70% of the state’s crude oil is transported by rail, in October 2013 reached 80 million barrels per day peak, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming And Utah, the amount of rail traffic is increasing rapidly.

Future trends

A secure, efficient and properly maintained reliable infrastructure system can reduce the cost of providing oil and gas and its products to consumers by reducing congestion, maximizing efficiency and preventing accidents. The US energy infrastructure system was originally intended to deliver oil and gas from coastal areas to refineries and inland areas. Today, energy revival in the United States is driven by a large amount of energy resources in inland rocks, including EagleFord and Barnett shale in Texas, Woodford shale in Oklahoma, Bakken shale in North Dakota, and Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Maryland and West Virginia Marcellus Shale. In order to take full advantage of its full potential, the United States needs to maintain its existing infrastructure and invest in new infrastructures to transport US resources from these inland areas to refineries and ultimately to consumers. While the decline in oil and natural gas prices affected by supply and demand has created a much uncertain environment for future energy investments, according to the API’s study of oil and gas infrastructure investments in 2017, Marcellus in the northeastern United States And the Utica shale zone and the West Texas Permian basin shale gas and dense oil production is the main driving force for the development of oil and gas infrastructure, oil and gas infrastructure development will continue for a long time, the oil and gas base The strong investment in the facility will have a significant positive impact on the US economy.

WASHINGTON continued to decline after the previous period, since September, the domestic price of ammonium phosphate stabilized stabilized. At present, the price of ammonium phosphate factory in more than 1800 ~ 1900 yuan (t price, the same below), East China compound fertilizer manufacturers to accept the goods in the 1950 yuan, the low end of 1920 ~ 1930 yuan.

There is four reasons for the price stabilization of monoammonium phosphate:

First, the overall fertilizer market by the impact of the trend. Fertilizer market trend this fall better than expected, urea mainstream ex-factory price from 1450 yuan rose to 1550 yuan, up to 100 yuan a month; potassium sulfate prices rose

More than 150 yuan; and ammonium diammonium phosphate prices are closely related to the diamine factory price raised to 2350 ~ 2450 yuan. Most of the fertilizer prices are rising, an ammonium prices are difficult to fall.

Second, compound fertilizer business rate to improve. Environmental protection inspection of the impact of complex fertilizer is limited, autumn fertilizer sales into the final, winter fertilizer sales start, large-scale compound fertilizer business rate increased to about 60%, an increase in demand for ammonium phosphate.

Three is the cost of rising. The production cost of monoammonium phosphate is mainly from three aspects: phosphate rock, sulfur, liquid ammonia. The current price of phosphate rock is relatively stable, but the price of sulfur and liquid ammonia are rising, Puguang sulfur in Chongqing Wanzhou port price has exceeded thousands of dollars, reaching 1020 yuan; Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places ex-factory price of ammonia in 2600 yuan the above.

Four is good for export. According to the national customs statistics, in July China’s exports of ammonium phosphate 286,600 tons, up 79%; 1 to July total exports of 1.356 million tons of ammonium phosphate, up 66.92% year on year. International prices of ammonium monoammonium phosphate, Morocco FOB 335-340 US dollars; Brazil 63% grain ammonium diammonium phosphate price 345 to 350 US dollars, up 5 to 10 US dollars. It is expected that this year’s export of ammonium phosphate will hit a record high.

At present, Hubei, Sichuan and other places manufacturers have raised the price of ammonium phosphate program, the range of 20 to 30 yuan.

Heating season and other environmental protection strong wind hit, so that steel, chemicals, cement, electrolytic aluminum and other industries have been severely tortured. The industry believes that the end of the steel market will be a turbulent, the price or continue to push up. And the production of cement or peak production will lead to negative growth in 2017, while the chemical industry showed polarization trend, fragmented small chemical plants, small number of small enterprises will be the focus of environmental protection, these enterprises eliminated, from Long-term look at the whole industry is good.

Since the 18th century, the reform of ecological civilization system has been placed in a prominent position to deepen the reform work. In September 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “ecological civilization system reform overall program”, “1 + N” form of the top system design began. Since then, the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the reorganization of the proposed consideration of a series of ecological civilization reform policy supporting documents. This year, “Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding areas in 2017 air pollution prevention and control program” and other environmental protection policies are introduced, while the central environmental protection supervision to achieve 31 provinces and autonomous regions to cover, to promote the settlement of a large number of outstanding environmental issues

Under this place, the place also moved up. Steel City, Hebei Province, Baoding, Langfang, Zhangjiakou will create a “steel-free city”, Zhangjiakou basically “no mine”, Zhangjiakou, Langfang, Baoding, Hengshui strive to achieve “no coke City.” “A number of environmental protection policies superimposed, steel production enterprises in the remaining.” Jinlian create a metal industry editor easy to “economic reference” reporter said.

However, environmental strong wind is still behind. According to the “Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding areas in 2017 air pollution prevention and control work program”, “2 +26″ urban industrial enterprises heating season peak production. Cement, casting industry, a comprehensive peak peak production, in addition to bear the livelihood of the task, the heating season all the peak production. From September 15 onwards, the Ministry of Environmental Protection on the autumn and winter Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas to start the air inspection, the inspection is aimed at “2 +26″ urban autumn and winter air pollution control enterprises and government.

Easy to think that the end of the steel market will be a turbulent, the price or continue to push up. To rebar prices, for example, the latter will still have 200-300 yuan / ton of upside. But need to be cautious chase up.

Hai Tong Securities analyst Jiang Chao said that in 2016 28 cities accounted for 1/5 of the country, and 2017 in July before the national cement production increased by only 0.3% year on year, so the peak production or production will lead to negative growth in 2017.

From the chemical industry point of view, Jin Lianchuang energy and chemical industry editor-in-chief Wang Zhenxian said that the current chemical industry in China showed polarization trend. The main production of large chemical products concentrated in the three barrels of oil and refining and other large private enterprises in the hands of this part of the enterprise supporting environmental protection measures generally more perfect, due to the impact of local economy, social impact, environmental supervision has limited impact. On the other hand is a small number of small factories and small enterprises a large number of long-term lack of supervision, this part of the enterprise will be the focus of environmental protection. Environmental supervision on the chemical industry is a long positive to the good, the policy threshold can be part of the relatively inefficient small business out.

September 22, the European benzene market closed down 15 US dollars / ton, CIF ARA reported 786-787 US dollars / ton, FOB Rotterdam reported 785-786 US dollars / ton.

September 22, the US benzene market FOB US Gulf fell 5 cents to 273-273.1 cents / gallon, equivalent to 819-819.3 US dollars / ton.

September 22, the euro area o-xylene market offer prices fell outside the disk offer 760.00 US dollars / ton FOB Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Antwerp, compared with September 21 outside the disk offer 767.50 US dollars / ton, offer fell 7.50 US dollars / ton.

September 22, India, o-xylene outside the disk offer prices, external disk offer price of 709.00 US dollars / ton CFR India, compared with September 15 outside the disk offer 708.00 US dollars / ton, the price rose 1 US dollars / ton.

September 22, Southeast Asia, o-xylene market outside the disk offer prices, the outer disk offer for 710.00 US dollars / ton CFR Southeast Asia, compared with September 15 outside the disk offer 705.00 US dollars / ton, the price rose 5 US dollars / ton.

September 22, South Korea o-xylene market outside the disk offer prices, the external disk price of 705.00 US dollars / ton FOB Korea, compared with September 15 outside the disk offer 700.00 US dollars / ton, the price rose 5 US dollars / ton.

Recently, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the “China Mineral Resources Report (2017)” (hereinafter referred to as “the report”). “Report” shows that since 2016, the Chinese government to vigorously promote the supply of mineral resources in the field of structural reform, the implementation of “to production, to inventory, to leverage, cost reduction, fill short board” five key tasks, deepen ” Joint management, optimization services “reform, and continuously enhance the capacity of mineral resources management services to economic and social development. China’s strategic mineral exploration has made important progress, the new discovery of a number of oil, natural gas, tungsten, gold, graphite and other important mineralogy, to achieve breakthroughs in the third phase of strategic action “good start.” The implementation of the “three deep and one soil” scientific and technological innovation strategy, natural gas hydrate exploration and development made a historic breakthrough, to achieve the sea gas hydrate exploration and development theory, technology, engineering and equipment independent innovation.

“Report” disclosure, 2016, most of our strategic mineral resources to identify the growth of reserves, mineral resources, further consolidate the family property. At the end of 2016, oil reserves of 3.5 billion tons of natural reserves of natural gas, 5.4 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, coal reserves of 159.8 billion tons of reserves, iron ore 84.1 billion tons, 10.11 million tons of copper, tungsten ore 10.16 million tons, gold 12167 Ton.

Geological survey investment continued to decline, but strategic mineral exploration has made important progress. In 2016, geological prospecting investment of 77.479 billion yuan, down 16.6% year on year decline for the fourth consecutive year. Oil added to more than 900 million tons of geological reserves, more than 700 billion cubic meters of natural gas, the new proven geological reserves of more than 100 million tons of oil field 2, more than 100 billion cubic meters of gas field 2. Coal reserves of more than 600 million tons of proven reserves, tungsten ore 603,100 tons, 824.50 tons of gold, graphite 36.663 million tons.

Supply side of the structural reform policy effect appears, stable supply of mineral products. In 2016, primary energy production of 3.46 billion tons of standard coal, down 4.2%; consumption of 4.36 billion tons of standard coal, an increase of 1.4%, the proportion of coal continued to decline. Coal production was 3.36 billion tons, down 3.0%; crude oil 200 million tons, down 7.7%; natural gas 136.83 billion cubic meters, up 1.7%; iron ore 1.28 billion tons, down 3.0%; cement 2.40 billion tons, up 2.5%.

Mine geological environment protection has been strengthened, green mining development smoothly. Green exploration into the “land and resources” thirteen five “plan”, and actively promote the use of green environmental technology, vigorously develop green mining. Select nine important mineral resources concentrated mining area, invested 60.69 million yuan to carry out 1: 500,000 mine geological environment survey 6150 square kilometers. The completion of the national geological environment of mining 590 square kilometers.

The rule of law in accordance with the law in depth, mineral resources, policies and regulations continue to improve. Since 2016, four geology and mineral management departments have been amended to abolish 315 normative documents. Continue to simplify the administrative licensing of geological and mineral matters, to promote the reform of the transfer of mining rights system to carry out the reform of mineral resources, monetary system, the full implementation of resource tax from the price.

Mineral resources management reform in depth, and strive to reduce the cost of mining enterprises. To further optimize the mineral resources of the whole layout of exploration, to promote the proven reserves of mineral resources unified right to register, to promote the construction of mineral resources reserve standard system, “National Mineral Resources Planning (2016-2017)” formally implemented.

Geological data management is becoming more and more perfect. Land and resources authorities and geological materials collection agencies to strengthen the management of geological data, strengthen information services, and further improve the geological data management system and technical standards, highlighting the network services and special services. In 2016, the National Geological Information Center, Land and Resources Physical Geological Information Center and 31 provincial geological materials museum provided a total of 30,400 person-to-house services, providing 118,000 copies of information services.

The degree of basic geological work to further improve the geological and mineral survey results are rich. As of the end of 2016, completed 1: 50000 regional geological survey area of ​​3.30606 million square kilometers, accounting for 38.9% of land area. In the periphery of Songliao Basin, Xinjiang Tarim and Junggar Basin and other surroundings, silver basin and other delineated 20 oil and gas prospecting area, the western region of manganese, copper, graphite, potassium, etc. have a major discovery.

The implementation of the “three deep and one land” land and resources science and technology innovation strategy, scientific and technological innovation ability significantly improved. To achieve the sea gas hydrate exploration and development theory, technology, engineering and equipment independent innovation. Innovative metallogenic model and exploration model of lead – zinc polymetallic deposit in “Sanjiang” orogenic belt. Issued the implementation of national standards for geological and mineral three, industry standard 45. The release of lithium, strontium and other six minerals mining recovery rate, beneficiation recovery rate, the overall utilization of the minimum index requirements, preferably 62 advanced technology to be promoted.

Cooperation in the international field has been continuously widened, and “international cooperation in geology and mineral resources” has achieved remarkable results. And actively promote bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the mining sector. Through the China International Mining Conference, China – ASEAN Mining Cooperation Forum and geological survey and other international exchange platform and project cooperation, and further expand with ASEAN, the United Nations agencies and the World Bank and other international organizations exchanges and cooperation to promote mining development.