Avobenzone
Chinese Name: avobenzone
Chinese alias: Parsons 1789; 1 – [4 - (1,1 - dimethyl-ethyl) phenyl] -3 – (4 – methoxy-phenyl) -1,3 – propanedione; sunscreen; 1 – (4 – tert-butylphenyl) -3 – (4 – methoxyphenyl) propane-1 ,3 – dione
English name: Avobenzone
English Name: 1 – (4 – (1,1-Dimethylethyl) phenyl) -3 – (4-methoxyphenyl) -1,3-propanedione; 4-tert-Butyl-4′-methoxy-dibenzoylmethane; Parsol 1789; Sunscreener 1789 ; Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane; 1 – (4-tert-butylphenyl) -3 – (4-methoxyphenyl) propane-1 ,3-dione; 2-pentoxy-1 ,3-diphenyl-propane-1 ,3-dione
CAS :70356-09-1
EINECS :274-581-6
MF: C20H22O3
MW: 310.3869
Physical and chemical properties
Relative density: 1.084g/cm3
chloramine B MSDS
English name : chloramine B
CAS NO. 127-52-6
English alias sodium N-chlorobenzenesulphonamide; Cholramine-B; N-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide sodium salt; sodium chloro (phenylsulfonyl) azanide; sodium chloro (phenylsulfonyl) azanide hydrate; [benzenesulfonyl (chloro) amino] sodium
EINECS 204-847-9
Formula : C6H5ClNaNO2S
Supplies:http://www.lubonchem.com
CAS: 127-52-6
Appearance: white crystalline powder
Content : 99% Min
Chlorine : 27% Min
Clarity : clear and transparent
PH: 9-11
Iron : 10ppm Max
Heavy metal : 10ppm Max
Packing : 25Kg/50Kg cardboard
1 , security terms
S7Keep container tightly closed.
Keep container tightly closed .
S22Do not breathe dust.
Do not breathe dust.
S26In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S36/37/39Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye / face protection.
Wear suitable protective clothing , gloves and goggles or masks.
S45In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)
In case of accident or feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately ( if possible show the label ) .
2 , the term risk
R2Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other source of ignition.
By shock, friction , fire or other sources of ignition explosion hazard.
R31Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.
Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.
R34 Causes burns.
Cause burns.
R42May cause sensitization by inhalation.
May cause sensitization by inhalation .
Purposes: organic chlorine disinfectant containing chlorine 26-28 % of the more stable, sealed to maintain a year lost only 0.1% of available chlorine . Slightly soluble in water , irritating and corrosive smaller role than hypochlorous slowly. Mainly used for drinking utensils, various utensils , fruits and vegetables disinfection (5ppm), farming and enamelware water disinfection ( 1% ) . Can be used for milking cows and cleaning the breast and livestock invasive urinary tract and purulent washing and disinfection.
Sodium gluconate MSDS
1, the basic information
Chinese name : Sodium gluconate
Chinese alias : D- glucose , sodium
Name : Gluconic acid, sodium salt
English Name : SODIUM GLUCONATE RE; Gluconic Acid Sodium; Sodium gluconate; sodium 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate (non-preferred name)
CAS No. :527 -07-1
EINECS No. :208 -407-7
Formula : C6H11NaO7
Molecular Weight : 218.14
Melting point :206-209 ℃
Appearance: white crystalline powder or granules.
Solubility: easily soluble in water , slightly soluble in alcohol, can not soluble in ether.
Specifications : Complies with FAO standard FAO / WHO; USPXX Ⅲ version ; corporate standards ; also according to customer requirements.
Packing : 5Kg plastic woven bags ; also according to customer requirements.
Uses:
One for medicine, you can adjust the acid-base balance in the human body to restore nerve function normally , for the same purpose , used in food additives ;
Water is used as a stabilizer , and its superiority in:
⑴ obviously coordinated effects, for molybdenum, silicon, phosphorus , tungsten, nitrite , and other formulations , the coordination Effect , inhibition effect of greatly increased ;
⑵ contrast with the general corrosion , corrosion rate increases with increasing temperature ;
⑶ scale technical ability requirements for calcium, magnesium , iron has a strong complexing ability , particularly Fe3 + has an excellent chelating ;
Steel surface cleaning agent : steel surface plated bowl as needed , chrome , tin , nickel- plated to suit the special purpose , its slab surface shall be rigorously cleaned , the coating material combined with a solid steel surface , this time adding its cleaning agents sodium gluconate will achieve very good results ;
Pipeline ; rust on the bottle labels and bottlenecks to dye force is not ideal ; washed trace residues on food security is not ideal ( such as phosphate residues ) ; wash water discharged into public nuisance ;
2 , the indicator
Content ≥ 98% ≥ 98% ≥ 98.5%
Chloride – ≤ 0.07% ≤ 0.05%
Arsenic ≤ 3P.P.M ≤ 3P.P.M ≤ 3P.P.M
Lead salts ≤ 10P.P.M ≤ 10P.P.M ≤ 0.001%
Heavy metals ≤ 20P.P.M ≤ 20P.P.M ≤ 0.002%
Sulfate – ≤ 0.05% ≤ 0.05%
Restore matter ≤ 0.5% ≤ 0.5% ≤ 0.5%
3 Synthesis
Industry generally substance containing glucose ( e.g., grain ) as raw materials, the first method by fermentation of glucose to obtain gluconic acid and then neutralized by the sodium hydroxide , sodium gluconate can be obtained , electrolysis and oxidation may also be synthesis. Our most used chemical oxidation – hypobromite oxidation to produce synthetic .
The enzyme according to the different types of fermentation , fermentation can be divided into two clocks, one kind of enzyme is Aspergillus Niger , another acid , the glucose dehydrogenase is formed by means of a law of a lactone , and the decomposition of the ester .
Sodium gluconate may be obtained directly from the fermentation of glucose . In this case , the composition of the fermentation substrate can be held as follows: glucose 250 ~ 350g / L, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 0.2 ~ 0.3g / L, urea, diammonium phosphate , or 0.4 ~ 0.5g / L. This matrix must be sterilized . The fermentation process, the temperature is controlled to 30-32 ° , pH ~ 50% with 30% sodium hydroxide solution is controlled to 5.5 to 6.5 , the fermentation process lasts 40 ~ 100h. Then , filtration and washing by removing microorganisms , active carbon , filtered , concentrated or spray dried to obtain the finished result .
4 , security
Sodium gluconate nontoxic. Sodium gluconate and chelates with metal ions present in the water formed , through ordinary biological treatment rapidly and completely degraded. Released during the degradation of the heavy metal ions can be removed by precipitation or adsorption on the wastewater treatment sludge which is formed during the removal .
Sodium gluconate Application
Sodium gluconate Application
Steel surface cleaning agent used :
If you need plated steel surfaces bowl , chrome , tin , nickel- plated to suit special applications such as the manufacture of tinplate , galvanized plate , chrome plated ( electrical degrees ) , with its slab surface shall be rigorously cleaned , the coating material and steel the surface of a solid combination , this time adding its sodium gluconate cleaning agents will reach very good results. This has been confirmed by a large international company manufacturing tinplate .
Used as a cement admixture :
After a certain amount of glucose added to the cement , sodium can increase the plasticity and strength of the concrete , and there is blocking effect
, Postpone the concrete during the initial and final solidification , such as adding 0.15% of sodium gluconate , can be extended at the beginning of the coagulation time of more than 10 times the concrete , the concrete is moldable time from hours to days to extend , without affecting the its fastness. Plasticity and delaying the initial solidification time is a very important issue in the concrete operations, such as high temperatures and large-scale construction projects seasonal jobs , delaying the initial solidification time is a problem, sodium gluconate can satisfactorily solve this problem. Also glued well at high temperatures is more difficult , added sodium gluconate concrete after high temperature at 170 ℃ , within a few hours of plastic , so these issues can be satisfactorily resolved . Therefore, as a cement admixture of sodium gluconate has been widely used in foreign countries important building projects, such as the Middle East, a lot of bridge engineering . But we have yet to promote the use of domestic applications in this regard , is said to have refined cellulose sodium in papermaking wastewater , the effect of sodium gluconate is simply not comparable .
But can also used in electroplating , film manufacturing industry.
As a multi- hydroxy acid type excellent corrosion inhibitor sodium gluconate , as with many of the above specific properties, such as can be willing to work hard in the application of technology , will be developed into a big industry .
Sodium gluconate is used in the construction industry
Concrete is a combination of materials made of cement , aggregate, admixtures and water. Concrete is made of artificial material for all the most abundant . Three-quarters of concrete aggregate, however, the most active ingredient in concrete grout . The nature and properties of concrete depends mainly on the nature of the grout . Concrete admixtures can provide some beneficial effects , such as accelerated clotting , slow solidification , the air into a bubble-like existence , reduce water consumption and increase the plasticity and so on. Usually use several kinds in the cement admixture , the admixture of the various applications can be enhanced in some other.
Sodium gluconate can be used as an admixture in concrete , it features in concrete as follows : water reducer and retarder
Sodium gluconate is generally used alone , but in combination with other retarders such as carbohydrates and used together with phosphate . Sodium gluconate is a crystalline powder. Is produced under proper conditions and control requirements . This compound is chemically pure and non-corrosive. Quality is constant . These features ensure that a reliable and reproducible results in the application.
As a reducing agent sodium gluconate
By adding a reducing agent, the water to cement ratio (W / C) can be reduced . Sodium gluconate can be obtained by adding the following effects: 1 , enhance the work of the ratio of water to cement (W / C) remain unchanged, adding sodium gluconate can enhance workability . At this time , from the sodium gluconate is a plasticizer . In less than 0.1% of sodium gluconate plus the amount which is proportional to the degree of improvement and the amount of work . 2 , enhancing the strength of the cement when the concrete content is kept constant and the water content can be reduced ( i.e., W / C lower ) . When the amount of sodium gluconate was 0.1 %, the amount of water can be reduced by 10%. 3 , reducing the amount of water and cement with the ratio to reduce the cement content , W / C ratio is kept constant. In this case, the reduction agent is sodium gluconate as a cement . Under normal circumstances, these two aspects of the performance of concrete , said it was important : contraction and generate heat.
Sodium gluconate as a retarder
Sodium gluconate can significantly delay the start time and the end of the solidification of the concrete. In the amount of 0.15 % or less, with the logarithm of the initial solidification increase the amount of time proportional relationship, that with increase the amount to double clotting time delay to the start times , which makes it able to work from the time few hours to a few days without compromising on strength. Especially hot days and a longer time to be placed , this is an important advantage .
Used as a cleaning agent bottles :
Beverage industry, food industry , brewing industry, the number of days to hundreds of millions of dollars in glass bottles, such as soda bottles , beer bottles, milk bottles , cans bottles, soy sauce , wine bottles , etc. , the cleaning work is a very important thing, cleaning pharmaceutical formulations agent is a higher degree of difficulty of the technical work . Currently not yet appeared an ideal drug . The main problems are: detergent is not strong, easy to plug the washing machine nozzle and pipe ; rust on bottle labels and bottlenecks to dye force is not ideal ; washed trace residues on food security is not ideal ( such as phosphate residues ) ; wash water discharge into public nuisance ( can not comply with the national standard ) . Such as sodium gluconate use in pharmaceutical formulations in their glass as the main cleaning agent , the above problems can be solved. ( Eighties bottling has been done in Shanghai , Shanghai brewery large trials have identification to prove ) this application is not yet developed , if a market has great potential .
Water is used as a stabilizer :
Because sodium gluconate has excellent corrosion and scale effect, it is widely used in water stabilizer , such as the petrochemical business cycle cooling water system , low pressure boilers, engine cooling water systems and other treatment agents . Because it has the following specific advantages : ⑴ obvious coordination effects. Suitable molybdenum, silicon, phosphorus , tungsten, nitrite formulations , the coordination Effect , the inhibition effect is greatly improved. ⑵ corrosion rate increases with increasing temperature . General corrosion inhibition efficiency increased with increasing temperature drop , or even completely useless. But contrary sodium gluconate , corrosion rates within a certain range to improve with increasing temperature , for example, carbon steel and other materials test , the temperature rose from 77 ℃ F on to 120 ℃ F, its average rate of 5% buffer above . Therefore, this singular feature of sodium gluconate , the higher the temperature of the system from low to high temperatures or temperature variation system , is ideal to use as a corrosion inhibitor . ⑶ scale capability: calcium , magnesium , iron complex has a strong ability to scale so strong, particularly Fe3 + chelation excellent , even in the full scope of the role of internal PH . ⑷ eliminate pollution. Using sodium gluconate as circulating cooling water corrosion inhibitor , to eliminate pollution , which is an advantage other corrosion inhibitor currently in use can not be compared.
Used in medicine :
Regulation of acid-base balance in the human body to restore nerve function properly , but also for the same purpose , used in food additives
Mexican traders want to export to Asia ethylene
Due to weak European markets , Asian ethylene prices are relatively high, Mexican ethylene traders plan in mid- April exports of nearly 4,000 tons of ethylene to Asia. However, insiders said , because it is difficult to rent a boat , the possibility of such a successful transaction is relatively small.
Mexico usually ethylene exports to Europe countries, such as Belgium. Pulitzer data show that exports of 4,000 tons of goods from Mexico to Europe, shipping is about $ 250 / t . The traders and brokers have said that Mexico needs to Asian Maritime month , is expected to take at least a freight around $ 400 to 500 / t. So, Mexico ethylene CFR South East Asia prices of $ 1320 ~ 1420 / ton , while the price of $ 1170 CIF Northwest Europe / ton.
There are traders said , even though arbitrage can play a role , it is difficult to find a suitable freighter . Because this is not a typical route, the owners may be reluctant to take such a risk . Moreover , traders do not want to turn back when the boat is empty.
However , there are a case of 9000 tons of cargo in Europe want to export to Asia in June , has yet to offer, but the seller said to bid $ 1,350 / ton (CFR, Northeast Asia ) . Market participants said the deal reached Europe to Asia is unlikely , since the second half of this year is expected to be very adequate supply in Asia .(http://www.lubonchem.com supply)
Azamethiphos use
Organophosphate insecticide, miticide. There are contact and stomach poison, is a broad-spectrum insecticide, its quick knockdown and long duration, nike air max goedkoop mainly in cotton, ray ban pas cher fruit and vegetable as well as health, prevention stupid apple moth, nike air max baratas mites, air jordan aphids, pear borer, houseflies, mosquitoes, nike air max baratas cockroaches and other pests parties. Dose Gastric 0.56 ~ 1.12kg / ha.
Potassium sorbate
1 Introduction
Generic hexadiene – ( 2,4 ) – potassium ; 2,4 – potassium sorbate
Formula C6H7KO2
Simple structure CH3CH = CHCH = CHCOOK
Quality standard: National People’s Republic of China GB13736-2008
Commonly known as: Preservatives
ChI = 1/C6H8O2.K/c1-2-3-4-5-6 (7) 8 ;/ h2-5H, 1H3, (H, 7,8) ;/ q; +1 / p-1/b3 -2 +,5 -4 + ;
2 production methods
1 and mainly uses the method. Sorbic acid as raw materials, potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate for neutralization reaction.
2 sorbic acid was added to the reaction kettle , sorbic acid was then added to 66% by mass of water, was added dropwise a solution of 49% potassium hydroxide at 45 ℃, Ph = 8 until the reaction solution until the reaction is about 45min. Adding a certain amount of carbon, vacuum filtration , at 40 ~ 45 ℃ and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure reaches 3 ~ 4h after heating to 70 ℃ discharge requirements . By centrifugal dehydration crystallization liquor recovery ; finally dried to obtain the product under 105 ℃. [ 1 ]
3 Uses
The main use
Preservatives for food preservatives are acidic reaction with organic acids using antiseptic effect increased . Potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide and sorbic acid as raw materials. [ 2 ]
Sorbic acid ( potassium ) can effectively inhibit mold , yeast and the activity of aerobic bacteria , so as to effectively extend the storage time of the food and keep the original flavor of the food .
We buy the packaging ( or canned ) food , the ingredients often see one of the words ” sorbic acid ” or ” potassium sorbate ” , people often mistakenly thought to be components of the fruit , ” pear” is . In fact, they are commonly used in food additives ! Whether they have no harm to human body , plain consumption is indeed necessary , the following is the relevant information about the sorbic acid , potassium sorbate for reference only:
Sorbic acid ( chemical name : 2,4 – sorbic acid Formula : C6H8O2 ]
Potassium sorbate ( chemical name : 2,4 – potassium sorbate ] Formula : C6H7KO2)
Sorbic acid, potassium sorbate properties, uses similar : Sorbic acid is recommended by the FAO and WHO efficient and safe preservative widely used in food , beverages, tobacco , pesticides, cosmetics and other industries , as the unsaturated acid, also can be used in resins, spices and rubber industry.
4 Nature
Physical Properties
Potassium sorbate is a white to pale yellow crystalline flake , crystalline granule or crystalline powder , odorless or slight odor, hygroscopic long-term exposure to air, oxidation and decomposition and discoloration. Soluble in water , potassium sorbate , 67.6g/100ml (20 ℃); 5% brine , 47.5g/100ml ( room temperature ) ; 25% sugar , 51g/100ml ( room temperature ) . Dissolved in propylene glycol , 5.8g/100ml; ethanol , 0.3g/100ml. 1% aqueous solution of potassium sorbate PH7 ~ 8.
Spectral characteristics
Using FLS 920 fluorescence spectrometer to study the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of potassium sorbate solution was found when moved from 320 nm excitation light red 500 nm, fluorescence has two peaks : 485 nm and 565 nm, the former strength significantly greater than the latter , the corresponding the excitation peak was 380 nm and 470 nm.
Fluorescence analysis of these two peaks is potassium sorbate molecule conjugated π bond and non-bonding electron stimulated transitions caused by n , in accordance with its peak at 485 nm the fluorescence intensity with the concentration of (0.05 ~ 12 g / L ) non-linear variation of the concentration of potassium sorbate can be detected . further to fresh apple juice , for example, based on fluorescence spectroscopy to study the feasibility of potassium sorbate was detected in fresh apple juice mass concentration . [ 3 ]
Chemical properties
Combustible , fire exhaust fumes containing potassium spicy . Has a strong inhibitory effect of spoilage bacteria and fungi , and because of the low toxicity than other preservatives , it has become the world ‘s leading preservatives. Under acidic conditions, corrosion can give full play the role of a neutral role when low.
Cosmetic preservatives. An organic acid preservatives. Average amount of 0.5 %. May be mixed with sorbic acid . Although potassium sorbate soluble in water, easy to use, but its pH 1% solution is 7-8 , so there is a tendency to increase the pH of cosmetics , should be taken when using .
Content analysis:
After taking pre- dried sample 0.25g 105 ℃ 3h after ( accurate to 0.1mg). Add 250ml flask with a glass stopper , add 36ml of glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride 4m1, warm make into a solution . Cooled to room temperature , add crystal violet test solution (TS-74) 2 drops of 0.1mol / L acetic acid solution through the blue-green endpoint titration to acid and to maintain 30s does not disappear. Meanwhile blank test , and make the necessary corrections. Each Ml0.1mol / L perchloric acid is equivalent potassium sorbate (C6H7KO2) 15.02mg.
Toxicity: Continue reading
Role of Calcium Formate
[ Chinese name] Calcium
[English name] Galcium Formate
[ MF ] Ca (HCOO) 2 [ Molecular Weight ] 130.0 [ CAS No. 544-17-2 ]
【 EINECS No. 】 208-863-7 [ 1 ] [Properties] white crystal or powder
[ Properties] is slightly hygroscopic , slightly bitter taste . Neutral , non-toxic , water-soluble . Aqueous solution was neutral . A calcium solubility with temperature changes little , 16g/100g water at 0 ℃ , 100 ℃ when 18.4g/100g water. Specific Gravity : 2.023 (20 ℃), bulk density 900-1000g / L. 400℃。”>The thermal decomposition temperature > 400 ℃. Physical indicators
98% formic acid , calcium formate ( titration ) 67% volume weight ( g / l )
1150
The main purpose
Most all of the hottest and most professional document class resource library clean sweep
Calcium
Used in the construction . Quick coagulant for cement , lubricants, early strength agent . For building a variety of concrete, mortar ( tile adhesives, cement-based plaster , repair mortar , waterproof mortar ) floor and concrete industries.
Accelerate cement hardening rate , shorten the setting time, especially in the winter construction, to avoid condensation at low temperatures too slow . Fast release , to improve the strength of cement into use as early as possible . Calcium Uses : Various dry mortar , a variety of concrete, wear-resistant materials , flooring industry , feed industry , tanning . Calcium and attention to issues involved in dosage per ton of dry mortar , concrete amount of about 0.5 to 1.0 %, the maximum dosage of 2.5%. Calcium dosage is decreased as the temperature gradually increased , even if the application amount of 0.3-0.5 % in the summer , and will play a significant early strength .
Storage: store in a cool dry place , use within six months.
Sodium thiosulfate
1 Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties: colorless transparent sodium thiosulfate
Monoclinic crystals , soluble in water , insoluble in alcohol . Pentahydrate temperature 48 degrees Celsius, the melt in the melting of crystal water .
Chemical properties: heat decomposition, decomposed into sodium and sulfur or sodium sulfate and sodium polysulfide , while being oxidized by oxygen . In case of acid decomposition of sodium thiosulfate emit sulfur dioxide gas and sulfur precipitation . Heating in air oxidation and decomposition into sodium , sulfur dioxide and water. Combustion generated sulfate, sodium sulfide and sulfur in the absence of air .
2 Determination
Method name: Sodium thiosulfate – Determination of sodium thiosulfate – Redox Titration
Application: This method uses sodium thiosulfate determination of redox titration. This method applies to the determination of sodium thiosulfate .
Method: Take the test amount , add water to dissolve , add starch indicator solution with iodine solution was titrated droplet to continuous blue. Each 1mL iodine titration solution (0.05mol / L) is equivalent to 15.81mg of Na2S2O3. Computing , that is.
Reagents:
1 water ( boiling placed to room temperature )
2 . Iodine titration solution (0.05mol / L)
3 sodium hydroxide solution (1mol / L)
4 methyl orange indicator solution
5 . Sulfuric acid titration solution (0.5mol / L)
6. Sodium bicarbonate
7 starch indicator solution
8 phenolphthalein indicator solution
9 methyl red – bromocresol green mixed indicator solution
10 benchmark arsenic trioxide
11 Basis of potassium hydrogen phthalate
12 benchmark anhydrous sodium carbonate
3 Uses Introduction
When tanning dichromate reducing agent , nitrogen exhaust neutralizer , mordant , straw and
Hair bleach and bleach pulp dechlorination time . Also for tetraethyl lead , dyes intermediates manufacturing and ore mention silver electroplating industry reductant , water purifying agent works .
In the textile industry for bleaching cotton after dechlorination agent , sulfur dyeing wool fabric dye , indigo dye anti- white agents , pulp dechlorination agent , the pharmaceutical industry as detergents, disinfectants and bleaching agents. [ 1 ] analysis reagents for chromatography reagents , drip Determination of cobalt , photographic fixer , dechlorination agent capacity analysis commonly used reagents, sodium, preparation of injectables and double sugar iron urea medium mordant .
Thiosulfate cyanide can also be used as antidotes .
4 Method
Commonly used industrial sulfur with sodium sulfite and sodium thiosulfate to give boiled , purified by recrystallization : Na2SO3 + S + 5H2O = Na2S2O3 · 5H2O
Sodium sulfite dissolved soda method , and ( combustion of sulfur ) of sulfur dioxide and generated sodium sulfite , sulfur boiling reactor was added , filtered , concentrated and crystallized to obtain sodium thiosulfate .
Na2CO3 + SO2 == Na2SO3 + CO2
Na2SO3 + S +5 H2O == Na2S2O3.5H2O
Evaporation residue method using sodium sulfide , sodium sulfide , sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide sulfur dioxide react with barium sulfide in wastewater emissions of sulfur by sulfur absorption , evaporation, crystallization , obtained sodium thiosulfate .
2Na2S + Na2CO3 +4 SO2 == 3Na2S2O3 + CO2
Oxide , sodium sulfite , and the recrystallization containing sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite and caustic soda liquid sulfur by oxidation ; sodium bisulfite and sulfur crude product by recrystallization three thiosulfate thiosulfate resulting mixture was concentrated , crystallized to obtain sodium thiosulfate .
2Na2S +2 S +3 O2 == 2Na2S2O3
Na2SO3 + S == Na2S2O3
Recrystallization of the crude crystals were dissolved sodium thiosulfate (or the crude solution of sodium thiosulfate ) , after cleaning, concentrated and crystallized to obtain sodium thiosulfate .
5 Considerations
Should be stored in a cool dry place . Transportation should avoid exposure to rain. Not with acids , oxidizers of storage or shipment . Containers must be sealed to prevent moisture dissolves. Such as packaging damp, description of contents has played the role of deliquescence , must be packaged dry stacked separately. Can not be stored in the open air, to seize on the damp package deal . When fighting fire with water sand .
It can be the solution of cyanide poisoning and mercuric chloride poisoning
Acute cyanide poisoning rapid progression of the disease , it should be against the clock to rescue acute poisoning , emphasizing locally applied antidote.
1 , oral poisoning , gastric lavage available 1:2000 potassium permanganate solution and vomiting induced by stimulation of the posterior pharyngeal lavage ;
2 , inhalation poisoning should be immediately evacuated , move to fresh air , well-ventilated place to rest ;
3, with sub- acid amyl nitrate after the crushing 1-2 branched into a handkerchief , nose and mouth before poisoning on inhalation, every two minutes , once every 5-6 times ;
4 , symptomatic treatment. Occur circulation , respiratory failure were given in the arm, vasopressors , respiratory stimulants, oxygen, artificial respiration ; skin burns , potassium permanganate solution, rinse , and then washed with ammonium sulfide solution ;
5 , after the above scene by emergency should be immediately sent to hospital for treatment , must not be delayed.
Nitrite – sodium thiosulfate therapy :
Detoxification mechanisms:
Methemoglobin formation agent such as nitrite can rapidly form of hemoglobin to methemoglobin , which ferric ions and free the body or in combination with cytochrome oxidase cyano combine to form an unstable cyanmethemoglobin , leaving ELISA inhibition . Cyanmethemoglobin in a few minutes can be dissociated cyanide ions , so the need to provide for rapid sulfur agents such as sodium thiosulfate , cyanide ions into the low toxicity of thiocyanate and excreted.
Usage:
Now amyl nitrite having 1 to 2 (0.2 ~ 0.4ml) wrapped in a clean cloth crushed to give 15 to 30 seconds inhalation , can be repeated after 5 minutes , a total of not more than 3 . Children each dose is 1 . After the formation of the pharmaceutical in the body is only a small amount of denatured hemoglobin, it is only as an emergency measure.
3% Sodium nitrite 10 ~ 15ml intravenous injection 2 ~ 3ml per minute. Children give 6 ~ 10mg/kg. These two drugs can lower blood pressure , a circulation disorder with caution .
At the same speed with the same injection needle 25 to 50% sodium thiosulfate 20 ~ 50ml. Children give 0.25 ~ 0.5g/kg. Repeat as necessary after an hour and a half or full amount of the amount of discretion after repeated use . Mild poisoning can be alone with this drug .
Soda is the colorless transparent crystal , easily soluble in water , aqueous solution is alkaline. It weathered the loss of crystal water above 33 ℃ in dry air. Neutral , alkaline solution is stable in the acidic solution will rapidly decompose .
Na2S2O3 +2 HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + S ↓ + SO2 ↑
Soda has a strong complexing ability trophies silver bromide to form complexes . Reaction formula : AgBr +2 Na2S2O3 = NaBr + Na3 [Ag (S2O3) 2], according to this property, it can be used as a fixing agent. Wash phase , with an excess of soda unexposed silver bromide on the film part of the reaction , the conversion of soluble Na3 [Ag (S2O3) 2], the removal of AgBr , the developing part fixed.
Soda also has a strong reduction, chlorine and other substances can be restored.
Na2S2O3 +4 Cl2 +5 H2O = 2H2SO4 +2 NaCl +6 HCl
Therefore, it can be used as a bleaching cotton fabric after dechlorination agent. Similar reasoning , the iodine stains on the fabric can also be used to remove it .
In addition, the soda is also used in leather tanning , electroplating and silver extracted from the ore .
Sweat stain ( tinea versicolor ) radical approach : topical 20% to 30 % sodium thiosulfate solution , topical 1% dilute hydrochloric acid immediately after dry ; or optional 3% Triatop lotion wash the affected area ; usage are daily from 1 to 2 times.
Packing: PVC bag or plastic lined woven bag , net weight 40 kg .
Storage: Store in a cool dry place . Dark, sealed storage, transport should avoid exposure to moisture and rain.
Spirulina
A morphological
Spirulina no non Sheath surface , can not easily be attached to the microorganism , the cell bubbles , floating resistance. Top cells or filaments often not shrill , often not obvious transverse wall , top round cells , the outer wall is not thickened. No sex cells and thick-walled cells can multiply to form blooms .
Cyanobacteria cells in the body without pigment , pigment distribution in protoplasts external pigment area , blue and green. Protoplast inside a colorless central area , like other algae nuclei , but no nucleoli and nuclear membrane , and therefore belong Spirulina prokaryotic plants. Spirulina platensis is a filamentous , helical filaments , no transverse walls , blue and green ; filaments 4 to 5 microns wide , length 400 to 600 microns ; algae silk top cell obtuse, no heterocyst .
History
I believe the first use of Spirulina as food was in the sixteenth century, the Aztecs of Mexico , according to the description Hernán Cortés · soldiers , when they picked spirulina and as chief of the lake from Fernandez Pizza sale . The Aztecs called it the ” special crisp Tel off children ,” meaning stone excrement . Spirulina discovered in the 1960s by a French scientist , but not as a food display purposes. The first large-scale production of Spirulina machine is there in the 1970s established
Spirulina in Chad has a very long history , the earliest retroactive nine centuries Kanem – Bornu Empire. They will still be eating today , drying became known as “Dihé” pizza , used to make broth purposes , and will be sold in the marketplace . Spirulina is like Lake Chad from the collection .
Discovery history
The early 1960s , the French explorer Christopher door when Dr. Dement African adventure, discovery Chad lake in Nimes good animal protein deficient even under conditions of inadequate food vegetables still life physically strong, energetic, health and longevity . After the survey found they often fish floating on Lake Chad dried spirulina food and medical treatment .
2 Reproduction editor
Spirulina reproduction of two kinds:
For the vegetative propagation , including direct cell division ( ie fission ) , groups rupture and filaments produced several ways Hormogonia so on.
Spirulina can be generated for some endogenous or exogenous spores spores to be asexual spores without flagella . Spirulina is sexual reproduction has not yet found .
3 ecological conditions
Salinity: Spirulina a grows in alkaline water , can be domesticated cultured in normal seawater.
Temperature : the optimum range between 30 ~ 37 ℃.
Light: optimum light intensity between about 30,000 to 35,000 lux.
PH : The optimum range between about pH8.6 ~ 9.5.
4 health effects editor
Lower cholesterol
Cholesterol lowering can effectively prevent the onset of heart disease and stroke , spirulina in the Y- linolenic acid can lower cholesterol contained in the body , which can effectively reduce blood pressure and prevent heart disease, reduce cholesterol.
Regulate blood sugar
Spirulina contains nutrient-rich , alkaline foods, nutritional supplements can be changed to give the body acidic , adjust metabolic activity . Jane and Joan Ganoderma with food, can regulate blood sugar, diabetic condition for stability has a significant effect.
Immune system
Natural Spirulina phycocyanin contained within , can enhance immune function of human cells , thereby enhancing our body ‘s immunity and disease resistance.
Protect the stomach
Most patients with stomach hyperacidity are led gastritis, gastric ulcer and other diseases , and Spirulina is an alkaline food , the Spirulina contains high vegetable protein and rich in chlorophyll , β- carotene, these nutrients neutralize gastric acid and gastrointestinal mucosal repair , regeneration and normal secretory function is extremely effective , especially for gastrointestinal patients.
Treatment of Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is a very common phenomenon, and Spirulina is rich in iron and chlorophyll , these nutrients can effectively improve the human condition of anemia .
5 Nutrition Introduction
Nutritional value
Spirulina is rich in protein , up to 55-75 %, which is three times that of beef , eggs six times , 10 times that of rice .
Spirulina is rich in β -carotene , 15 times carrots , spinach 40-60 times .
Spirulina is rich in vitamins B1, B2, B5, B6, B11, B12, C, E. A wide range of B vitamins , but each with specific physiological functions , the lack of any kind which are likely to cause disease.
Spirulina contains a variety of essential trace elements , calcium, magnesium , sodium, potassium, phosphorus , iodine, selenium, iron, copper, zinc , etc., can cause iron deficiency anemia , zinc deficiency can lead to stunted ; selenium can activate DNA repair enzymes, immunoglobulins , and stimulate the production of antibodies to capture free radicals , reduce toxicity in vivo or resistance to certain metals , inhibiting the carcinogenic effects of some carcinogens . Selenium can prevent altitude sickness .
Spirulina contains chlorophyll A, has its unique clean blood hematopoietic function .
1 gram of spirulina nutrients sum equivalent to 1,000 grams of various types of vegetarian nutrients, is a most nutritious nutrients
Spirulina cell wall is very thin, the thickness of only 40-60 nm, and is constituted by a peptide glucan , easily digested and absorbed degradation .
Spirulina contains high γ linolenic acid , can promote calcium absorption , enhance immunity, prevent metabolic disorders and prevent aging functions. γ linolenic acid is the precursor of prostaglandins , in effect becomes dioxygenase prostaglandins , prostaglandin on the reproductive , cardiovascular , respiratory , digestive and nervous system have a role .
Spirulina polysaccharide , anti- radiation function, and by enhancing the body’s immune system. Also Spirulina polysaccharide can enhance the activity of SOD in plasma , reducing the generation of lipid peroxides , have anti-aging effect .
Effectiveness of the role
1 , to stimulate the rapid growth of the body : Spirulina is rich in lysine , threonine and other essential amino acids, for infants and young children , especially the lack of breastfed infants is extremely important. Rich in minerals and trace elements can effectively prevent nutritional anemia , but also eclipse supplementary source of good nutrition for children , can gradually correct the partial eclipse of bad habits.
2 , balanced nutrition growing youth development : the teenagers in puberty , is much larger than the required nutrients adults , plus learn heavy physical exertion great sport , can easily cause recessive undernourished , stunted growth , memory loss, vision loss . Spirulina can provide adequate and balanced variety of nutrients , is well absorbed .
3 adults maintain a strong effort : significantly accelerate the pace of modern life , diet tends to simple, convenient, frequent ingestion of excessive delicacy , so the accumulation of fat in the body , blood acidic, plus social activities , work stress, rest disorder, no time to exercise, excessive alcohol and tobacco , etc., will result in the body’s metabolic disorders, often feel lack of energy , fatigue, drowsiness , decreased immunity . Spirulina can regulate the body’s pH, chlorophyll can purify the blood , remove toxins and clean the rectum , various amino acids , vitamins, minerals and trace elements contained in the function of internal organs can be enhanced .
4 , anti- aging elderly : The main reason is to generate human aging in the metabolism of a large number of oxygen free radicals, which damage the body strong molecular structure of life , leading to cell function decline and accelerate human aging . Spirulina has a variety of anti-aging substance . Such as β- carotene, vitamin e, γ- linolenic acid , and superoxide dismutase , these substances cleared by antioxidant effects of free radicals , effectively delaying cell aging, while Spirulina is rich in iron, calcium, and easy to absorb of anemia common in the elderly , osteoporosis , hypertension, arteriosclerosis, lumbar and leg pain has a good supporting role in prevention .
5 , weight loss , skin care , beauty : Spirulina is rich in nutrients, 1 hour before taking spirulina, spirulina phenylalanine can suppress appetite, relieve diet brings hunger, suffering malnutrition so that people lose weight while still maintaining vitality. Keep the skin soft and shiny appearance of the fundamental factors are balanced nutrition. β- carotene , superoxide dismutase and γ- linolenic acid on skin physiology to maintain flexibility, eliminate stains , improve skin inflammation effectively .
The main ingredient
Nutrients per 100 grams of Spirulina
General Ingredients
Protein
50-75g
Carbohydrates
10-30g
Fat
2-6g
Fiber
0.5-1.5g
Carbohydrates
10-30g
Natural pigment
Chlorophyll
800-1200mg
Carotenoids
200-600mg
Blue algae class
3000-6000mg
Natural minerals
Calcium
25-200mg
Iron
15-200mg
Zinc
3-10mg
Magnesium
200-600mg
Germanium
2-4μg
Selenium
5-20μg
Natural Vitamins
β- carotene
100-200mg
Vitamin B1
100-300μg
Vitamin B2
3-10mg
Vitamin B6
100-300μg
Vitamin B12
1-3μg
Vitamin C
10-80mg
Vitamin E
2-10mg
Niacin
4-30mg
Folate
50-100μg
Pantothenic acid
0.5-1.5mg
Other
γ- linolenic acid
0.5-1.6g
Spirulina polysaccharide
2-6g
Docosahexaenoic acid
0.2-1g
Superoxide dismutase activity
10-37.5 million units
Coenzyme Q10 activity
5-20 million units
Chemical composition
Containing protein ( 60% ) , mainly by isoleucine (isoleucine), leucine (leucine), lysine (lysine), methionine (methionine), phenylalanine (phenylalanine), threonine (threonine) tryptophan (tryptophane), valine (valine) and other components. In addition, fat , carbohydrates, chlorophyll , carotenoids , phycocyanin , vitamins (vitamin) A, B1.B2.B6.B12.E, niacin (nicotinic acid), creatine (creatine), γ- linolenic acid (γ-linolenic acid), calcium pantothenate , folic acid (folic acid) , calcium , iron, zinc and magnesium.
6 major categories
Spirulina is a total of 35 species belonging to the taxonomic status of Cyanophyta , Cyanobacteria Gang , head chatter algae , algae flutter Branch, spirulina is . Commonly used in the cultivation of Spirulina platensis, Spirulina maxima and Spirulina salt marshes . As health care is mainly consumed Spirulina maxima ( scientific name Arthrospira maxima) and Spirulina platensis ( scientific name Arthrospira platensis). The two species that had previously been divided into Spirulina ( scientific name Spirulina), after sub- section spiral into algae genus, but the habit is still referred to as ” Spirulina .”
Spirulina maxima
Like other blue-green algae , Spirulina maxima cells did not really within the nucleus , compared with platensis, filaments longer, wider pitch , but not as good as the nutritional value of Spirulina platensis high .
Spirulina platensis
Spirulina platensis is usually blue-green, multi- cell type, cylindrical helical filaments , solitary or clustered together students , algae wire diameter 5-10μm. Nearly square cells , cell width 6-8 microns, 2-6 microns long , apex obtuse , spiral count 2-7 . The end is not tapered or slightly thin, the end of the round cells wide , horizontal wall closed slightly constricted , no particles cross the wall . Frond can vibrate and rotational motion , often around a vertical axis as quickly rotate forward crawling. Cell contents even without a true nucleus. Due to the different number of in vivo phycoerythrin and phycocyanin , etc. , and show different body color , such as blue- green , yellow-green or purple and so on. And a delicate cross next door.
7 known origin
The world’s natural spirulina can grow naturally the four lakes , Lake Chad in Africa (Tchad Lake), Lake Texcoco , Mexico (TexcocoLake), Lijiang, Yunnan, China Chenghai Lake and Ordos Hammamet too alkaline lake. After years of publicity, high profile , but the actual remaining Chenghai Lake and Lake still remain too alkaline Hama production, two other lake almost dried up. Chenghai Lake in the vicinity of the affected residents , Chenghai Lake protection has been put on the agenda . Hama no industrial pollution too alkaline lake , abundant groundwater resources , water quality , coupled located at latitude 39 degrees , adequate light and heat resources , which provides favorable conditions for the production of Spirulina .
8 taking Notice
Avoid greasy foods.
Generally middle-aged , diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, health and beauty dieters half an hour before or one hour on an empty stomach ; puberty before , cancer, anemia, major surgery, trauma large , poor physical and emaciated after meals.
In accordance with the usage and consumption , children and pregnant women should be taken under the guidance of doctors .
Taking medication during the two weeks or no improvement of symptoms , or the symptoms get worse , or the emergence of new serious symptoms should be discontinued immediately and go to the hospital .
Drugs ban taking property changes.
Children must be under adult supervision.
9 healthy eating Editor
1 . Daily health 2-3 times daily, every 2 g , 30 minutes before meals . Usually ready to take clothing.
2 . Fatigue 2-3 times a day , every 2-4 grams, 30 minutes before meals . Take 2 grams plus special fatigue.
3 . Rapid weight loss diet, three times a day , each 10 grams, taken 60 minutes before meals , drink beans in the morning
Add a small amount of pulp or milk foods fruits and vegetables , lunch plus the amount of about 120 grams of staple food dish , dinner plus the amount of about 100 grams of staple food dish . Ordinary diet, three times a day , every 4 grams , taken 60 minutes before meals , reducing food intake than usual 1/3-1/2 . If the soup , to the meals , eat greasy food.
4 . Poor health three times a day, every 3 g , 30 minutes before meals .
5. Poor resistance 3 times a day , every 3 g , 30 minutes before meals .
6. Malnutrition emaciated 3 times a day , every 2-3 grams, 30 minutes before meals . For those fattening meal 15-30 minutes to take.
7 . Anti-radiation 2-3 times a day , every 2 g , 30 minutes before meals .
8. 3 anti-aging day, every 2-3 grams, 30 minutes before meals .
10 major products
Spirulina products come in many forms , spirulina powder with fruit , edible vegetable sauce mix , tablets, capsules, spirulina extract concentrates and other refined easy access at any time .
Spirulina powder
Spirulina powder is uniformly dark green or blue -green, 100% pure powder no variegated particles may be appropriate to add to many dishes to increase their protein and vitamin content . Spirulina powder soup , bread, salad taste good , not much to give the food consumption of pink dyed dark green . Like many natural foods like spirulina , heat will destroy its rich nutrients , so when making food less heat as possible.
Enjoy spirulina powder easiest way is to add it in the blender or food in your favorite fruit, juice , and consumption from less to more , and gradually adapt. Many who eat it every time you drink eat 10 grams of spirulina powder.
Some useful suggestions :
① Do not wet spoon into his spirulina powder bottle , or a spoonful of spirulina powder directly into the liquid to be added slowly while stirring to avoid condensation.
② dry spirulina powder will absorb moisture, need to tighten the cap after use .
③ without the fridge, but it should be placed in a cool , dry, dark place .
Within 30 minutes after eating spirulina powder , the human body will react , especially since the powder is easy to digest and absorb. Spirulina drinks once or twice , will be able to promptly provide energy and nutrients ( or replace meals between meals ) a day.
Anti-anoxia, anti-fatigue
Product function
Effective in improving the symptoms of stomach , diarrhea and constipation against a variety ;
Prevention and treatment of anemia, carotenoid content is 1.5 times carrots , four times the vitamin B12 content of the liver , the iron content is 23 times the spinach ;
Containing the body’s own synthesis of linolenic acid , helping fat metabolism, prevent thrombosis, effective against cardiovascular disease , prevention of fatty liver and cirrhosis of the liver , lower blood sugar, diabetes prevention ;
Prevention of taking tranquilizers , antibiotics, anticancer agents , such as renal function impairment;
Spirulina tablets and capsules made to make it easier to carry. Most of spirulina tablets containing 200-600 mg, and 400 mg capsules contain or less. Making tablets and capsules , the addition amount of the tableting excipients in the outer sleeve forming or soluble edible film , in half an hour before eating or one hour after meals to tablets or capsules. If certain times of the day feeling low energy , ready to eat a few slices of spirulina, a body generally have a better response two hours later.
Concentrate
Fresh – Liquids: direct extraction of fresh algae , nutrients locked retain activity.
Efficient: cryogenic liquid extraction, retained high activity, absorbed more efficiently . [ 1 ]
11 Identification of the pros and cons
1 . Look mark . For spirulina health food , there must be a formal national health food approval. The information set forth in the product label must comply with the requirements of national standard of health food label specifications . If the list of ingredients , functional ingredients and their contents table , suitable for consumption and taboos crowd of people claiming health functions , taking methods , net content , shelf life, product standards , health permit number , the manufacturer and / or dealer name and The main message address. If any of the major missing information , it shall be questioned. Can be no trademark , no name , no address “three noes ” products, food safety permit access system for national implementation in terms of food have to go through all the “QS” certification mark .
2 . See color . 100% genuine natural spirulina , both powders , tablets, capsules algae powder were tested within the dark green , slightly yellow ( do not look at the surface , but also break apart and look at the cross-section of color ) : pure green Spirulina products , you may have a problem , or shoddy or counterfeit , or a mix of other substances. Because spirulina processed very dry, easy to absorb moisture, the moisture absorption may gradually become green , and easy to spoilage, eat this healthy spirulina not only useless , but harmful .
3 . Smelling odor. Spirulina algae have a special smell or smell of the sea . Without this peculiar smell may not be stored for too long or spirulina algae powder processing of raw materials . However, with the smell of corruption is likely to be inferior products.
4 . Look hardness. Spirulina tablet products for hand breaking it, the harder the more other ingredients spirulina tablets doping , and quality can hand a breaking apart.
5. Tasting. Spirulina has tasted the flavor , usually slightly alkaline taste . If heavier alkali ignorant , is sub-standard . In addition , products made from 100% spirulina , should be relatively sticky mouth .
6. Soluble observation. Spirulina powder or tablet into a glass filled with pure water , and to dissolve, observe the color of water . For quality , water should be green , half an hour later and gradually turns blue .
7 . See packaging. Spirulina nutrients , some with air isolation is needed to save , such as algae blue pigment , carotene. So there must be moisture barrier packaging wet compartment light , the intrinsic quality of the product packaging is the protective layer . Packaging If you do not meet state regulations , likely to cause damage and deterioration Spirulina nutrients. Scientific experiments show that algae blue pigment in direct sunlight for 15 minutes to 50% loss in unsealed condition will basically lost within three months. Therefore, in order to avoid direct contact with light and air , to ensure no loss of nutrients , Spirulina large international enterprises generally use aluminum foil pouch packaging .
In addition , many unscrupulous traders put on the market inferior spirulina seaweed as a sale , consumers need to pay attention to identify. Wakame and spirulina are two different plants, it is easy to distinguish : wakame leaves as big as tea , while Spirulina is a tiny aquatic plant almost invisible to the naked eye , to the aid of a microscope to look 600 times so clear , like the dust was collected .
12 Questions
Quality Protein say
a, high-quality protein to be easily absorbed by the body ( : easy to be broken down for the body to quickly absorb the amino acids) .
b, spirulina high protein content .
c, various proportions of amino acids in the protein content of spirulina is very close to the proportion of the body needs , high utilization . Various human enzymes, the proportion of the various organs of the very demanding requirements of various amino acids . If a particular amino acid deficiency. Other amino acids also play a role and not lost in vain . Its truth is like a bucket from a lot of wood strips , if one of the plates is short , the other the role of boards is also restricted.
Effects on the human body
a, by a variety of human cells. Protein is a major part of cells and tissues , the presence of protein in the form of life . Protein to maintain the growth of cells and tissues , updates and patches , so that the continuity of life .
b, proteins involved in a variety of important human physiological activities. There are a lot of special proteins in vivo function . Such as an enzyme , regulatory protein (immunoglobulin ) , antibodies, peptide hormones. Muscle contraction , material transport by hemoglobin in the blood , etc. to complete protein , a protein which functions can not be replaced by sugar and fat .
c. Protein for the body to provide energy , can produce 4.1 grams of protein per kilo-calories , 18% of adults in the energy supply of the protein.
the role of β- carotene on human health
a, prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. β- carotene can promote iron absorption and utilization , improve hemoglobin index .
b, promote calcium absorption and bone development. Not simply the bones grow and lengthen , but bone cells continue to divide , synthesize into a new shape. β- carotene to maintain a balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts . Ensure normal growth of bones .
c, photosensitive retinal cells to maintain , enhance vision, night blind disease prevention .
d, to maintain the skin and eyes, respiratory, digestive , urinary tract epithelial tissue integrity and reproductive systems , sound defensive attack bacteria, viruses.
e, stimulated lymphocyte proliferation , protection of T- cells , B- cells and phagocytic cells , anti-cancer , anti-cancer .
f, anti-oxidation, enhance immunity, anti-aging. β- carotene can prevent oxidation and fat cell membranes , preventing hyperlipidemia, preventing normal cell aging, improve immunity, to anti-aging purposes.
The easily absorbed iron
Many plants contain iron , but because of structural problems , it is difficult to be absorbed by the body . Spirulina is rich in iron and iron- based oxygen reduction protein – in the form of the presence of iron porphyrin , easily absorbed by the body. The absorption rate of 60 % higher than normal blood tonic .
National Use
Citizens of the world most developed countries generally eat spirulina. Such as: USA, UK, France , Germany, Japan and so on.
Ingredient
Protein content ( a ) of Spirulina
The protein content of Spirulina can be said to be the highest among the various kinds of food , an amount of 56% -77 % , Chlorella protein content of 40% -56 % of soybean protein is 34 % -40 % milk powder 12% -22 %. It is similar to the pattern of essential amino acids with FAO and the World Health Organization ‘s essential amino acid pattern of preschool children . Its protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), digestibility , biological value (BV) is equivalent to the best food protein , such as eggs, milk, casein or egg albumin.
Vitamin content ( two ) Spirulina
Spirulina vitamin content is also very rich , 1kg Spirulina contains vitamin B1 55mg, Vitamin B2 40mg, vitamin B6 3mg, vitamin B12 2mg, pantothenic acid 11mg, folic acid 0.5mg, Niacin 113mg, Inositol 350mg, Biotin 0.4mg, vitamin E190mg, carotene 4000mg, ( wherein the β- carotene 1700mg).
Mineral content (c ) Spirulina
These are used because of the quality and content of training institutions to another. Average iron content of 580-646mg/kg, manganese 23-25mg/kg, magnesium 2915-3811mg/kg, selenium 0.4mg/kg. Calcium, potassium and phosphorus are 1000-3000mg/kg or higher.
Fat content ( four ) Spirulina
Spirulina approximately 7% of the total fat content , fatty acids, 5.7% , and most of which are polyunsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid up 13784mg/kg, γ- linolenic acid is 11980mg/kg. This is the other natural plant foods is very rare.
Carbohydrate content ( five ) Spirulina
Spirulina carbohydrate content is 16.5% , and rich in polysaccharides. Spirulina extract has been reported with dextran for cancer research .
Are there side effects
It is measured in vivo quality spirulina protein content as high as 60 to 70 %, which is three times the fish , meat four times , five times more eggs , and chlorophyll content is 10 times more vegetables. In addition, vitamin B3 is about 6.4 times soybeans ; β- carotene is about four times the normal levels of carrots ; Spirulina contains about 11 kinds of fatty acids , linoleic acid and linolenic acid which are essential fatty acids ; Spirulina contains major and trace elements necessary for humans and animals , not only contains a lot of iron , but also with protein and phycocyanin organic iron chelated form , which is conducive to absorption, while spirulina has enriched selenium, zinc, ability of iodine.
Spirulina is a very wide range of applications , food, medicines, cosmetics and other fields are applied.
Health Food
Spirulina is rich in high quality protein , vitamins , minerals and other bioactive substances , and its cell wall composed of polysaccharides , easily digested ( 86% digestibility ) , called the best natural green health food .
2 . Fitness and diet food
Spirulina as a diet food in the United States , Europe and other countries has become a trend, the method is 30 minutes before eating or one hour dose of several grams of spirulina can suppress appetite, leaving the reduced food intake , so that neither the lack of nutrition and physical can reduce caloric intake to achieve weight loss purposes.
Of particular importance is that it is rich in iron , and in the diet of women often find iron deficiency .
3 treatments
( 1 ) can be used as anti- radiation damage drugs
( 2 ) can be used for cancer radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy
( 3 ) can effectively reduce blood lipids. A bioactive substances contained within Spirulina – Spirulina polysaccharide and γ- linolenic acid , have the function of regulating the body lipids and prevent atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease adjuvant therapy .
( 4 ) can effectively enhance immunity
( 5 ) Other treatment : Spirulina can effectively prevent the occurrence of cancer . Meanwhile , spirulina for the treatment of diabetes , hypertension , fatty liver, iron deficiency anemia, pancreatitis , ulcer , inhibition of renal impairment has a good effect.
4 Cosmetics
Containing active substances extracted from Spirulina cosmetics , increase skin elasticity , skin moisturizer , wrinkle , freckle and other effects ; can promote skin metabolism, and reduce scarring ; same time as Spirulina cosmetics good permeability , can play the skin surface and deep nutrition and the role of nursing , and is very safe to use on skin without irritation and sensitization.
Earliest Spirulina is used in cosmetics in France . Add spirulina mask, hair care , skin care creams are expensive but very popular. China also has a similar product .
Microcystin
About microcystin (MC) of public health articles , causing everyone’s attention , even to the extent that it was already scared .
The study found that as a liver cancer MC accelerator, a low dose may cause liver damage, which can activate oncogenes body while suppressing cancer genes that make cancer gene inactivation , increase the possibility of cancer nearly 10 times.
In fact, Microcystis in natural waters is widespread , if water quality is good, not too serious contamination or pollution is not , then slow the growth of Microcystis , does not produce a lot of harmful MC.
Only when a large number of untreated pesticides , agricultural fertilizers , such as phosphorus detergent into the water body , resulting in super multi nitrogen and phosphorus content in water to form a water eutrophication case, in the face of a suitable temperature (20 ℃ ~ 30 ℃) , plenty of sunshine , which are conducive to growing conditions when Microcystis , microcystin will quickly multiply in a short time , resulting in a large number of MC.
Since most water bodies are polluted conditions exist , therefore the presence of MC becomes a wide , high-impact natural toxicants . According to the survey found that some areas of surface water as a source of drinking water , even in tap water can also be detected in MC.
Therefore, Shanghai Fudan University, Professor Zhang Shun Yu and other experts pointed out: tap water to eliminate the need to strengthen research microcystin technology and to develop drinking water standards as soon as possible in a limited amount of MC .
Experts point out that prevention MC, the most fundamental is controlled from environmental factors , such as maintaining water flow , manage sewage ban phosphorus pollution caused by eutrophication , and to prevent secondary pollution of drinking water , as long as more than a few MC point is do not worry about the pollution caused by damage to the human body .
As a kind of aquatic organisms , some people worry about whether spirulina is microcystin contamination will not affect food safety ? The experts concluded that Spirulina is safe containing MC will not affect food safety.
This is due to the growth of Spirulina and Microcystis environment is conflicting . Spirulina can grow to survive environmental microcystin ; while microcystin waters can grow , and harvest spirulina really difficult to survive .
Spirulina specializing in research for many years experts have also to be sure.
Experts agree that the current production of large enterprises Spirulina is safe, consumers can rest assured that taking , do not worry about their safety .
Use different populations
Old people
Elderly people taking spirulina, 45% is for a specific disease, 28% used to maintain good mental health , 12% is used as a nutritional supplement. Among those for specific disorders , 22 percent in order to increase blood sugar , 15% in order to protect the eyes, 14% compared relieve constipation .
2 Infants
United Nations : 2000 World Breastfeeding rate should reach 80 %. Spirulina can effectively improve serum protein , and rich in vitamins , unsaturated fatty acids and enzymes , can play a good role in natural prolactin .
3 teenagers
Spirulina is rich in nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of growth and development of young people and strong .
4 Women
Spirulina natural nourishing effect and safety in terms of the effectiveness of weight loss in terms of beauty , has been ladies of spirulina widely recognized. Meanwhile , Ms. due to special physiological reasons , many suffering from anemia , and therefore often need iron , iron- rich spirulina , easily absorbed. In addition, long-term use of Spirulina foods can reduce women premenstrual syndrome, female endocrine regulation .
5 Athletes
Spirulina is a basic food for the body to maintain normal blood weakly alkaline, eliminate fatigue effects, to improve the athlete’s endurance , power , and promote athletes to improve physical function had a significant effect .
6 computer personnel
In modern society, let us not hide electromagnetic radiation , especially long-term operation of the computer , people who use mobile phones while Spirulina is recognized as the world’s anti-radiation adjuvant treatment of food .
If the effect is not significant, need to check the following points :
When eating spirulina, whether the case intermittent , or consumption adequacy . (Depending on individual constitution and the environment, taking also vary the amount we recommend taking daily care of about 5 grams a day , taking about 10 grams of rehabilitation per day ) .
Daily diet is inconsistent ( too many acidic foods , tobacco, alcohol , mental stress or irritation ) .
Lack of proper exercise
Some people do not eat spirulina B cards diarrhea , but after eating a brand algae began to diarrhea .
This phenomenon , there are two possibilities, one containing an excess of harmful dinoflagellate fungi, unsanitary ; Second, the quality , but off B algae , dinoflagellates and good quality , causing a better response .
Determine what causes diarrhea because come, there is a simple way is to look after the diarrhea is not a bad effort because of diarrhea caused by unsanitary , can cause people to weakness, even dehydration, but also showed better response although diarrhea , but it does not lead to deterioration of human effort .
Contrast components
· Spirulina soy protein content corresponds to 1.5 times, 10 times that of rice , pork, 4 times , 3 times that of beef , chicken, 3.7 times, 5 times the egg , fish three times , 2.4 times the cheese.
· Spirulina β- carotene content of carrots is 15 times .
· Vitamin B12 content of spirulina is four times the liver .
· Per 100 grams of algae powder , γ- linolenic acid content of up to 1200 mg or more . So far , had been recognized directly edible γ- linolenic acid only human milk and it contains spirulina , spirulina γ- linolenic acid content of human milk is 500 times .
· Spirulina is extremely rich in chlorophyll content is mostly terrestrial plants 2-3 times , is 10 times more common vegetable content .
· Spirulina fat content of only 5 \ % , pork content of 50 \ % , beef content of 24.08 \ % , fish content of 4 \ % , eggs 8.8 \ %.
· Spirulina polysaccharide up to 14 \% -16 \% / g, Ganoderma content of 1.28 \% / g times , aloe content of 1 \% / kg.
13 Aquaculture Technical Editor
Spirulina is one of the oldest autotrophic photosynthetic micro-algae , is lower plants , its body under the microscope spiral named. This ancient sea creatures , like high temperature (25 ℃ ~ 36 ℃), high alkaline (PH9-11) in the growth environment, many organisms , bacteria difficult to survive in this environment , and spirulina able growth and reproduction. In particular, it is not only the most nutritious , most comprehensive, balanced nutrition is a true champion on the planet , and high light efficiency , adaptability , growth cycle is very short , fast breeding , particularly high yield , artificial breeding efficiency particularly good prospects very broad.
Spirulina correctly handle the relationship between reproductive and environmental conditions
Spirulina farming is the most important conditions of light , temperature, medium and ventilation . PH value of the culture solution , a reasonable supply of depth, flow , exhaust oxygen and nutrients , are an important factor in yield. Therefore , training should be built in pool water quality is good , light conditions are suitable, spacious venue where ; PH value range is 7-11 , preferably 8-9 ; depth of between 0.2 and 0.3 meters ; temperature 18-38 ℃, the most Fortunately 26-32 ℃.
Two Dian choose suitable breeding species
The main breeding species on the domestic and foreign production of Spirulina platensis ( native to Africa Lake Chad ) and Spirulina maxima ( originating in Mexico ) . Huanghua in Hebei Province of algae scientists found suitable for temperate coastal counties grow Spirulina natural variability strain was identified as Spirulina platensis strain 6 (S6); country and from Chad to introduce Spirulina platensis strain 1 (S1); China has also been bred strains and ST-6 Spirulina Spirulina subsalsa . These varieties ( lines ) , can be selected according to local conditions . S6 suitable for growing in northern China where , and salt marshes Spirulina was adapted to high temperatures, sea salt and algae reproduction .
Three Dian from reality , using different farming methods
1 Family farming. You can buy ” Spirulina family culture system ,” also can choose enamel pots ( best all-white ) or crock pot , but can not use aluminum cone . Person- scale farming should be determined by the amount consumed spirulina . If using a 36 cm washbasin , a child needs 12 , while an adult will need around 20 .
2 simple farming. Mainly refers to the equipment is simple, you can make the best pond , as long as watertight on the line. Pool depth 30 cm , the area should be as some large , according to an adult 1.5m2 meter .
3 natural lakes farming. Originally Spirulina grows naturally in saltwater lakes in the original algae, the use of natural lakes farming is the most original , the most economical mode of production . Its equipment requirements are very low , just invest in the fight floods and processing , the lake ‘s fertility can be restored by nature . But because spirulina on light, temperature , PH value, etc. have special requirements , not all lakes can be farmed , but should experiment , research, and select the appropriate reproductive lakes ( such as our Chenghai Lake in Yunnan Province , etc.), for breeding .
4 . Factory farming . Advanced equipment , the grand scale , demanding. Currently, the breeding pool to runway style oval concrete ponds as well ; farming area of 15,000 m2 is best as a unit . Training can be open , but also for closed production . Open Training is a near-natural production methods, the system of freshwater , sea water system , most pools are designed to train circulation , stirring with a mixer , the depth of the liquid culture for 15-25cm, with sunlight as the light and heat sources . Closed production means in a closed bioreactor by means of natural light or artificial light be a breeding factory production of Spirulina .